What term describes the excessive growth of plants in water due to nutrient overload?

The term that describes the excessive growth of plants in water due to nutrient overload is eutrophication. This process typically occurs when water bodies receive high amounts of nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus, often from agricultural runoff, wastewater, and industrial discharges. The excess nutrients lead to rapid algal blooms, which can deplete oxygen in the water and block sunlight from reaching other aquatic plants. In extreme cases, the decay of these algae can result in hypoxic conditions—where oxygen levels are too low to support most marine life.

Understanding eutrophication is critical in environmental planning and design as it is a significant factor in water quality management. It highlights the need for careful nutrient management in agriculture and urban development to protect water bodies from nutrient overload. This phenomenon serves as a reminder of the interconnectedness of land-use practices and aquatic ecosystems, emphasizing the importance of sustainable management practices to mitigate nutrient pollution.