What does percolation describe in soil science?

Percolation in soil science specifically refers to the process by which water moves downward through the soil layers. This movement occurs when water saturates the soil and is influenced by various factors including soil texture, structure, and the presence of organic matter. The downward flow typically involves the gravitational force acting on the water, allowing it to pass through various particles in the soil, such as sand, silt, and clay. This process is crucial for recharging groundwater aquifers, influencing drainage patterns, and affecting plant availability of water. Understanding percolation helps manage irrigation practices, assess soil health, and develop proper land use strategies effectively.